How long has humanity been plagued by cancer? The answer might surprise you. It looks like our ancestors faced the same challenges as we do in the 21st century.

Some of the earliest proof of cancer is found among ancient mummies from Egypt. Archaeological evidence suggests that people of the past suffered from the same types of tumors as people do nowadays.

However, ancient Egyptians had no clear understanding what cancer is and hence no effective therapies existed. The cause and cure for the dreaded disease have always remained a mystery.

Fortunately, in the last century the progress in understanding oncological diseases has been tremendous. When anesthesia became available, surgeons rapidly developed operations that removed the entire tumor along with cancerous lymph nodes.

During World War II, compounds blocking critical chemical reactions for DNA replication emerged. Further development of such cytotoxic agents led to the advent of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, these drugs targeted normal cells as well as cancer cells, therefore, safer yet effective alternatives were still needed. (Ref.)

Before long, more sophisticated treatments such as immunotherapy and targeted therapy became available in oncology. The better understanding of cancer biology resulted in new age medicines. These medications could boost the immune system’s response to target malignant cells and hinder their growth, division as well as metastasis.

Interestingly, the whole exploration process led to unexpected discoveries. Significant metabolic shifts were acknowledged to be a characteristic of many cancer types. Coupled with the emerging wave of drug repurposing these findings opened the door for metabolic cancer treatment and soon Sodium dichloroacetate became the most prominent example of this strategy.

Cancer metabolism
In 1923, a German biochemist, medical doctor and Nobel Prize laureate, Otto Heinrich Warburg, made a ground-breaking discovery vital in understanding the energy metabolism of cancer cells. This identified phenomenon is now recognized as the hallmark of cancer and is called the Warburg effect.

Otto Warburg observed the cells of a rat tumor and noticed that their growth is powered by extreme amounts of glucose (sugar) without the increased use of oxygen. This made no sense since using oxygen for producing energy from nutrients is a significantly more efficient way. Over a hundred years ago such findings raised more questions than answers.

Now it’s known that the enormous glucose hunger and reduced intake of oxygen grant cancer cells a unique set of evolutionary advantages.

One of the ways how cancer cells benefit from the Warburg effect is by shifting to rapid biomass production. The increased glucose uptake provides the cancerous tissue more building components for making new genetic material and protein, ultimately leading to increased cancer proliferation and growth. (Ref.)

In addition, it is well known that normal mammal cells are constantly supplied with oxygen, otherwise they would die quickly. However, malignant cells act in a totally different way. As the tumors grow rapidly, they often outgrow their oxygen supply. Needing no oxygen to fuel its growth and thrive, the cancer does not suffocate.

Soon the tumor switches its metabolism to aerobic glycolysis. It begins producing and excreting excessive amounts of lactic acid outside the cells, eventually leading to increased acidity of the tumor microenvironment.

Acidic tumor microenvironment promotes further invasion and metastasis by breaking down the extracellular matrix between our cells. Once the acidity level is elevated, it also helps cancer in avoiding our immune system, the natural defense mechanism against malignancies. This is one of the reasons why the effect of immunotherapy can often start diminishing when treating advanced cancer.

At the same time, since the tumor utilizes less oxygen, the mitochondria inside the cells start generating less reactive oxygen species that serve an important role in preventing as well as removing cancerous cells. The cancer begins avoiding a mechanism known as apoptosis.

Apoptosis is a normal process that occurs in our organism as a convenient way to eliminate cells that should no longer be a part of the body. It’s a form of natural programmed cell death that prevents tumors from developing and expanding in the first place. As a consequence of avoiding apoptosis, the cancer cells become immortal.

These are the main metabolic advantages that enable the tumors to thrive. Notably, the evolution of tumor cells is a rather complex process, which makes it a difficult disease to treat. However, this is just one side of the coin. On the other hand, the Warburg effect can be exploited against the cancer itself.

In diagnostics, humanity used this cancer metabolism phenomenon for diagnostics. The positron emission tomography (PET) scan reveals the tissues and organs that have abnormal metabolic activity.

Since the cancer cells have the Warburg effect active, they absorb radioactive glucose a couple of hundred times faster than the surrounding normal tissue. As a result, the tumors light up in the images and can be conveniently traced in the whole body.

In treatment, the Warburg effect could be the “Achilles’ heel” of cancer that was ignored for almost a century, since virtually all of the past cancer therapeutics focused on a gene-centered approach. The compound Sodium dichloroacetate acts in a completely different manner and instead corrects the abnormal metabolism of the cancer cell.

How DCA treats cancer?
It disrupts the chemical reactions that tumors use for their rapid growth, starving cancerous cells of nutrients. Moreover, it restores the “bad” metabolism in cancer cells. DCA is an activator of damaged mitochondria.

As a consequence of stimulating the mitochondria, DCA increases the production of reactive oxygen species in the cell. These changes induce further cellular mechanisms that lead to apoptosis, which in other words is selective tumor cell death. This results in decreased proliferation of cancer cells, decreased tumor size, symptom alleviation and increased host survival.

DCA transforms the most aggressive cancer cells to less aggressive ones. Since the Warburg effect is only present in malignant cells, healthy cells remain unaffected by Sodium dichloroacetate.

DCA is great for stabilizing the tumors, which means that they cease to grow and expand. This also leads to improved well-being and reduced tumor markers of the patient.

People can expect to regain their appetite, strength and weight. DCA also treats the chronic pain that is often present as a complication of cancer.

In addition, Sodium dichloroacetate is also an option for someone with brain tumors since it crosses the blood-brain barrier.

dichloroacetate and cancer

Niclosamide is a member of the class of salicylanilides. The chemical formula is C13H8Cl2N2O4. The HPLC analysis was performed using the Thermo Ultimate 3000 HPLC system. In a 60 ml round bottom flask, add 5 g of niclosamide to 15 ml ethanol and 20 ml H2O. The solubility was checked at room temperature using the HPLC analysis procedure described below. To this solution add with continuous stirring 12 g KOH pellets. Stirr until dissolved (about 10 min) then heat the reaction mixture to 50 °C while continuing to stir for 3 hours.

After 3 h at 50 °C, let the reaction mixture cool down to rt over night. Filter the precipitate material by vacuum filtration system through sintered filter funnel into a 100 mL sep funnel collecting the solid residue in a beaker . Rinse back funnel and filter paper with additional 30-50 ml ethanol and add to beaker. Collect the liquid filtrate in a tared vessel and evaporate overnight at rt on a hot plate. If necessary, add a few drops of water to stop formation of salt crystals to the evacuated flask. Weigh residue if performing assay quantitatively or collect for immediate use if assaying qualitatively by HPLC as described below:

HPLC analysis was performed using an Agilent 1100 series system equipped with a Zorbax SB-C18, 4.6 mm x 250 mm analytical column thermostatted 25° C., and UV detector set at 254 nm). The integration times were 1 sec (linear gradient 0-4 min 30% A/B, 5-20 min 20% A/B, 20-25 min 30% A/B, 25-34 min 40% A/B and 34-39 min 50%A/B) using the following mobile phase: 2.5 mM ammonium acetate in water (Solvent A):acetonitrile :0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (Solvent B). The injection volume was 10 μL and the flow rate was 1.4 ml/min.
niclosamide tablets price

Fenbendazole is anti-helminthic drug. It has proved itself to be safe and efficient in humans, animals, reptiles and birds. The powder form is the least expensive option, unfortunately it is also the most difficult to measure due to its potency. You need a scale that can measure at least 222 mg accurately.

Concerning legality of fenbendazole on the web: It seems that all chemical companies are selling it with some restrictions. Fenbendazole cannot be exported outside of USA or EU without special permissions from DEA or EMA respectively, but it is still possible to get fenbendazole through different sources if you‘re able to provide proof of your profession and a prescription from a veterinarian.

On the other hand, most products that combine fenbendazole with praziquantel can be legally ordered online in Europe and Asia.
https://www.fenbendazole.org/suppliers/