Bellow is every creature in the universe of the story that has a kingdom or at least a society and their magical gifts.
(Note: The bellow are just what magic gives/enhances in the species not all their skills/abilities )
Unicorn: Capable of channeling mana from within them trough their horns to make various effects on the world around them.
Earth Pony: Passively channel their mana trough their hooves to increase the growth of plants in addition their regeneration is slightly faster than other ponies.
Pegasus: Weather manipulation and flight by using their mana
Bat Pony: Able to fly, suck in mana trough their fangs and see at night unable to weather manipulate.(They were created by unicorns using dark magic on pegasai so they can escape the Solar Tyrant after the fall of Luna. Even though Celestia isn't a tyrant and Nightmare moon did happen.)
Crystal Pony:They are extremely durable and heat/cold resistant Capable of sustaining themselves on water and gems and their magic makes crystals and other gems really slowly grow in size .
(Created by ponies using magic to adapt to the windigo winter rather than move.) They can be earth pony/pegasi or unicorn but are most commonly earth pony. They are incapable of using their magic to fly weather manipulate channel their magic to change the world around them or to make crops grow.
DDogs: Sharper claws and they have adapted into using their magic to sense the world around them passively allowing them to see magic when its used around them.(This is mostly a development from hunting magical creatures like the cockatrice that could kill them with magic while being physically unintimidating.)
Changelings: Can change their form on the molecular level use magic and fly and manipulate weather.
Griffins: Can fly and are extremely cold resistant any weather manipulation they do is temporary
Dragons: Magic resistant, Hardened scales, Fire breath, Flight, extreme heat resistance and size growth( Yeah they are OP)
Kajit or cat people: Can jump really high and see magic like DDogs
Sea pony/Hyppogrif: they have the ability to switch between underwater and Arial forms gaining either the ability to breathe under water or fly and weather manipulation on the griffin level
Buffalo: Hardened skin and can survive without water for months
Yacks: Hardened horns and have extreme cold resistance
Minotaur: Innate senesce of direction being able to find their way to a place they have been to before trough looking at the night sky and they have hardened horns
Zebra: Capable of channeling their mana trough their fur causing an illusion of their stripes moving which either disorientates or causes seizures depending on how many zebra's are doing it
Desert horses: Capable of going without water for months and are heat resistant
Centaur:Capable of draining magic and its physical strength is increased by its mana pool
A fun fact: Ponies are racist due to pretty much every species either using them as food or slaves at one point or another in the past when slavery wasn't outlawed. Due to a dragon hatchling being made a slave and the dragons destroying a few towns in retaliation slavery is now illegal world wide.
A few major events that happened:
Celestia banished Luna shortly after the two sisters were given ruling power by the leaders of the 3 tribes. The tribe leaders saw this as Celestia going power crazy and immediately resorted to researching dark magic in hope of finding a way to defeat/escape Celestia. Some time later while researching they discovered the prophecy of Nightmare's return.
With this new knowledge they came up with a brilliant plan they imbued some 500 pegasai with dark magic told them what Celestia did to her own sister just to gain power and send them to either make an army or find help and come back to dethrone Celestia on the night of Luna's return. (And maybe Luna would take one of their descendants and rule along side him.)
And so the Thestrals or bat ponies came to be.
Upon the night of Luna's return the thestrals came with an army of 1000 during the years to ensure that their decedents would fulfill their duties the thestrals turned Luna into a goddess that had sacrificed herself so that they could escape Celestia who was essentially a demon that wanted all to worship her so that she would gain enough power to burn the entire world. They also had some nifty rituals like drinking until you start to lose balance and then throwing round stones at each other or snowballs(It has to be round like the moon doesn't mater what it is) And also flying in a circle every night when the moon is fullest.(you know odd religious things.)
So anyways they came armed and ready to defeat Celestia and rescue Luna but they knew they weren't a match for Celestia so they decided to take all her most devoted worshippers(Her guards) captive and exchange them for Luna then once Luna has recovered they would attack again and put an end to the Sun Tyrant's tyranny.
It was a great plan and it was working perfectly up until Celestia came to her throne room to the sight of all her day guards bruised and tied up and surrounded by bat ponies. She would have gone into a rampage but the bat pony leader's demand that she release their goddess stopped her in her tracks.
In Celestia's moment of confusion filly Luna showed up on her back and the thestrals promptly tackled Celestia and began to take Luna away, Surprised by Celestia's weakness the bat pony leader decided that he could kill Celestia and charged only for filly Luna to blast everyone to the walls with the Royal voice.
Some explanation later and Luna has 1000 soldiers trying to protect her while the royal guards are forced out of their barracks for being day walkers and the thestrals have essentially agreed to not kill Celestia so long as they are allowed to protect Luna. Also they essentially took over Canterlot castle and gave back half of it thanks to Luna asking them.